TIMSS 2023 OUTCOME MEASURES

Assessment domain(s)
  • Mathematics
  • Science
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Achievement and test scales
Scale creation

The TIMSS international achievement scales were developed on the basis of item response theory (IRT) and latent regression population models using plausible values, with each student respondent being assigned five plausible values on each of the achievement scales.

 

List of achievement scales
  • Mathematics (Grade 4 and Grade 8)
  • Science (Grade 4 and Grade 8)
  • Content domains
    • Mathematics
      • Grade 4: number, measurement and geometry, data
      • Grade 8: number, algebra, geometry, data and probability
    • Science
      • Grade 4: life science, physical science, earth science
      • Grade 8: biology, chemistry, physics, earth science
  • Cognitive domains (Mathematics and Science, Grades 4 and 8)
    • Knowing
    • Applying
    • Reasoning

Overall achievement results were reported in terms of the percentages of students reaching the following four benchmarks:

  • Advanced International Benchmark (625)
  • High International Benchmark (550)
  • Intermediate International Benchmark (475)
  • Low International Benchmark (400)

The descriptions of the competencies of students reaching each of these benchmarks were determined by means of a scale-anchoring process.

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Questionnaire and background scales
Scale creation

The use of item response theory (IRT) methods for reporting context data, specifically the Rasch partial credit model, was introduced in TIMSS 2011 and has continued to be used through TIMSS 2023. 

 

List of Background scales
  • Home environment support scales
    • Home Resources for Learning (Grade 4)
    • Home Educational Resources (Grade 8)
    • Home Socioeconomic Status (Grade 4)
    • Home Early Literacy Activities Before Primary School (Grade 4)
    • Home Early Numeracy Activities Before Primary School (Grade 4)
    • Home Early Literacy and Numeracy Activities Before Primary School (Grade 4)
    • Could Do Early Literacy Tasks When Beginning Primary School (Grade 4)
    • Could Do Early Numeracy Tasks When Beginning Primary School (Grade 4)
    • Could Do Literacy and Numeracy Tasks When Beginning Primary School (Grade 4)
  • School composition and resources scales
    • Instruction Affected by Mathematics Resource Shortages (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Instruction Affected by Science Resource Shortages (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Schools Where Students Begin Primary Grades with Literacy and Numeracy Skills (Grade 4)
  • School climate scales
    • School Emphasis on Academic Success – Principals’ Reports (Grades 4 and 8)
    • School Emphasis on Academic Success - Teachers’ Reports (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Parents’ Perceptions of Their Child’s School (Grade 4)
    • Sense of School Belonging (Grades 4 and 8)
  • School discipline and safety scales
    • School Discipline (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Safe and Orderly School (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Student Bullying (Grades 4 and 8)
  • Teacher preparation, professional development, and job satisfaction
    • Teachers’ Job Satisfaction (Grades 4 and 8)
  • Challenges to teaching and learning scales
    • Teaching Limited by Students Not Ready for Instruction (Grades 4 and 8)
  • Students’ attitudes scales
    • Students Like Learning Mathematics (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Students Like Learning Science (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Students Like Learning Biology (Grade 8)
    • Students Like Learning Chemistry (Grade 8)
    • Students Like Learning Physics (Grade 8)
    • Students Like Learning Earth Science (Grade 8)
    • Students Confident in Mathematics (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Students Confident in Science (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Students Confident in Biology (Grade 8)
    • Students Confident in Chemistry (Grade 8)
    • Students Confident in Physics (Grade 8)
    • Students Confident in Earth Science (Grade 8)
    • Students Value Mathematics (Grade 8)
    • Students Value Science (Grade 8)
    • Students Value Environmental Preservation (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Digital Self-Efficacy (Grades 4 and 8)
  • Curriculum and instruction scales
    • Instructional Clarity in Mathematics Lessons (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Instructional Clarity in Science Lessons (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Instructional Clarity in Biology Lessons (Grade 8)
    • Instructional Clarity in Chemistry Lessons (Grade 8)
    • Instructional Clarity in Physics Lessons (Grade 8)
    • Instructional Clarity in Earth Science Lessons (Grade 8)
    • Disorderly Behavior During Mathematics Lessons (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Disorderly Behavior During Science Lessons (Grades 4 and 8)
    • Disorderly Behavior During Biology Lessons (Grade 8)
    • Disorderly Behavior During Chemistry Lessons (Grade 8)
    • Disorderly Behavior During Physics Lessons (Grade 8)
    • Disorderly Behavior During Earth Science Lessons (Grade 8)
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